![]() Recommendation: secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible. The author may be citing the primary reference because of their own interpretation of its relevance, possibly in quite a different context. In these examples, the list of references would only contain the work by Rowley. However, in your reference list/bibliography, you should just reference the secondary source.Įxample: Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971), who developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Įxample: Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley, 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Įxample: Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson, 1971) refers to the McGill Archaeology questionnaire. In this case you should cite the primary source (the unread work) and the secondary source (the read work) in your text. You may wish to cite a work you haven't read that has been referred to in another work that you have read. He or she might not want to check the many references to Indonesia and Korea in Braudel’s 600-page book to find out the context for his claim. If, however, you are paraphrasing a particular idea (see “specific point” example above) then this may be helpful to your reader. If you are referring to a general principle that is followed throughout a text, then there is no need to cite a specific page (see “general argument” example above. Note on page numbers: The most important thing is to consider your reader when you are paraphrasing. 268).Ĭombination of paraphrase and quotation example: Braudel advocates a longue durée approach to the past, suggesting that much can be learned from taking a long view across the centuries and when we “reflect on history with a slower pulse-rate” (Braudel, 1993, p.37). Paraphrase example (specific point): Fernand Braudel suggested that the end of the Korean War damaged the Indonesian economy (Braudel, 1993, p. Paraphrase example (general argument): In A History of Civilizations, Fernand Braudel demonstrates the principle that that we can learn much from taking a long view of history, over millennia as well decades (Braudel, 1993). ![]() It invites us to reflect on history with a slower pulse-rate, history in the longer term (Braudel, 1993, p.37). Original text: To study the great civilizations as an explanatory background to the present means stepping aside from the headlong rush of history since 1914. Tutorial: visit the study skills: plagiarism pages to learn how to paraphrase correctly. When paraphrasing, only add a page number/page numbers if you believe it may be helpful to your reader to locate the source of an idea or explanation. If you paraphrase you must acknowledge your source otherwise you are guilty of plagiarism, ie passing off someone else's work as your own. You may find you need to do this when you want to express a thought or idea with greater clarity. Paraphrasing is when you reword someone else’s written or spoken work.
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